iTunes

A way to uninstall iTunes from your system

iTunes is a computer program. This page holds details on how to uninstall it from your computer. It is made by Apple Inc.. You can find out more on Apple Inc. or check for application updates here. Please open http://www.apple.com/ if you want to read more on iTunes on Apple Inc.'s website. iTunes is normally set up in the C:\Program Files\iTunes directory, depending on the user's option. MsiExec.exe /I{781FFA26-A8FF-47B7-9BFB-5F4FB3A72315} is the full command line if you want to remove iTunes. iTunes.exe is the iTunes's main executable file and it takes circa 37.37 MB (39189048 bytes) on disk.

iTunes installs the following the executables on your PC, taking about 40.15 MB (42102496 bytes) on disk.

• defaults.exe (50.05 KB)
• iTunes.exe (37.37 MB)
• iTunesHelper.exe (349.55 KB)
• iTunesVisualizerHost.exe (2.39 MB)

This page is about iTunes version 12.12.3.5 alone. You can find below info on other releases of iTunes:

• 9.0.3.15
• 7.6.2.9
• 12.11.0.26
• 11.2.0.114
• 9.0.2.25
• 7.7.1.11
• 12.3.1.23
• 12.10.1.4
• 12.3.2.35
• 10.2.0.34
• 12.10.0.7
• 8.2.0.23
• 7.5.0.20
• 12.12.0.6
• 11.0.2.26
• 12.10.6.2
• 12.13.2.3
• 10.7.0.21
• 11.0.2.25
• 10.5.2.11
• 12.1.0.71
• 11.1.4.62
• 7.3.0.54
• 9.2.1.4
• 12.9.0.167
• 10.1.0.56
• 12.12.5.8
• 11.3.0.54
• 12.12.4.1
• 12.5.1.21
• 8.1.0.52
• 12.5.5.5
• 12.12.2.2
• 10.5.3.3
• 12.9.5.7
• 12.4.3.1
• 12.10.8.5
• 10.6.0.40
• 12.4.2.4
• 12.6.1.25
• 7.7.0.43
• 12.7.2.58
• 11.0.1.12
• 9.1.0.79
• 12.10.7.3
• 12.3.0.44
• 12.1.3.6
• 11.2.2.3
• 11.1.0.126
• 10.2.1.1
• 12.2.1.16
• 11.1.3.8
• 12.7.4.80
• 10.4.0.80
• 12.12.8.2
• 12.12.6.1
• 12.13.4.4
• 10.0.1.22
• 11.1.2.31
• 12.9.6.3
• 12.6.0.95
• 9.2.1.5
• 8.0.2.20
• 12.6.5.3
• 12.6.2.20
• 12.9.1.4
• 11.1.1.11
• 12.13.0.9
• 9.2.0.61
• 12.6.0.100
• 12.12.9.4
• 12.6.3.6
• 10.6.1.7
• 8.1.0.51
• 12.13.1.3
• 12.13.3.2
• 8.0.1.11
• 11.1.2.32
• 12.7.2.60
• 12.9.3.3
• 7.4.0.28
• 12.3.2.34
• 12.2.0.145
• 10.5.1.42
• 10.5.0.113
• 7.3.2.6
• 11.2.0.115
• 10.5.0.142
• 12.12.7.1
• 10.1.0.54
• 12.11.4.15
• 12.12.10.1
• 12.5.3.17
• 12.4.1.6
• 9.1.1.11
• 8.0.0.35
• 11.1.5.5
• 10.1.2.17
• 10.2.2.12
• 12.7.3.46

...click to view all...
If you are manually uninstalling iTunes we advise you to verify if the following data is left behind on your PC.

You should delete the folders below after you uninstall iTunes:

• C:\Program Files\iTunes
• C:\Users\%user%\AppData\Local\Apple Computer\iTunes
• C:\Users\%user%\AppData\Roaming\Apple Computer\iTunes
• C:\Users\%user%\AppData\Roaming\VOWSoft\iTunes Backup Manager

The files below are left behind on your disk by iTunes when you uninstall it:

• C:\Program Files\iTunes\Acknowledgements.rtf
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\ApplePushDirect.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AppleVersions.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\ASL.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\ar.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\ca.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\cs.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\da.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\de.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\el.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\en.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\en_AU.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\en_GB.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\es.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\es_419.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\fi.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\fr.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\fr_CA.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\he.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\hi.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\hr.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\hu.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\id.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\it.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\ja.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\ko.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\ms.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\nb.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\nl.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\pl.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\pt.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\pt_PT.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\ro.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\ru.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\sk.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\sv.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\th.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\tr.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\uk.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\vi.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\zh_CN.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\zh_HK.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AuthKitWin.resources\zh_TW.lproj\AuthKitWinLocalized.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.dll
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\ar.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\ar.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\AVFoundationCFSupport.plist
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\ca.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\ca.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\cs.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\cs.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\da.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\da.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\Dutch.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\Dutch.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\el.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\el.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\en_AU.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\en_AU.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\en_GB.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\en_GB.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\English.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\English.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\es_419.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\es_419.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\fi.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\fi.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\fr_CA.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\fr_CA.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\French.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\French.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\German.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\German.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\he.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\he.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\hi.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\hi.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\hr.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\hr.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\hu.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\hu.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\id.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\id.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\Info.plist
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\Italian.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\Italian.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\Japanese.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\Japanese.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\ko.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\ko.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\ms.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\ms.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\nb.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\nb.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\pl.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\pl.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\pt.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\pt.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\pt_PT.lproj\AVCFError.strings
• C:\Program Files\iTunes\AVFoundationCF.resources\pt_PT.lproj\AVCFMediaSelectionOption.strings

Frequently the following registry keys will not be uninstalled:

• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\AppID\iTunes.exe
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Applications\iTunes.exe
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\iTunes
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\MIME\Database\Content Type\application/x-itunes-itls
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\MIME\Database\Content Type\application/x-itunes-itms
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\MIME\Database\Content Type\application/x-itunes-itpc
• HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Apple Computer, Inc.\iTunes
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Apple Computer, Inc.\iTunes
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Installer\Products\62AFF187FF8A7B74B9BFF5F43B7A3251
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Clients\Media\iTunes
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Tracing\iTunes Installer_RASAPI32
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Tracing\iTunes Installer_RASMANCS
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Tracing\iTunes_RASAPI32
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Tracing\iTunes_RASMANCS
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\{781FFA26-A8FF-47B7-9BFB-5F4FB3A72315}
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Wow6432Node\Classes\AppID\iTunes.exe
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Wow6432Node\Clients\Media\iTunes
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Wow6432Node\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\App Paths\iTunes.exe

Registry values that are not removed from your computer:

• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.aa\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.aa
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.aax\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.aax
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.aif\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.aif
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.aifc\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.aifc
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.aiff\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.aiff
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.cda\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.cda
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.cdda\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.cdda
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.ipa\OpenWithProgids\iTunes.ipa
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.ipg\OpenWithProgids\iTunes.ipg
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.ipsw\OpenWithProgids\iTunes.ipsw
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.itb\OpenWithProgids\iTunes.itb
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.itdb\OpenWithProgids\iTunes.itdb
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.ite\OpenWithProgids\iTunes.ite
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.itl\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.itl
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.itlp\OpenWithProgids\iTunes.itlp
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.itls\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.itls
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.itms\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.itms
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.itpc\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.itpc
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.m3u\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.m3u
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.m3u8\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.m3u8
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.m4a\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.m4a
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.m4b\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.m4b
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.m4p\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.m4p
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.m4r\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.m4r
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.m4v\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.m4v
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.mov\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.mov
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.mp2\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.mp2
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.mp3\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.mp3
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.mpeg\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.mpeg
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.mpg\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.mpg
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.pcast\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.pcast
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.pls\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.pls
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.rmp\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.rmp
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.wav\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.wav
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.wave\OpenWithProgIds\iTunes.wave
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Installer\Features\62AFF187FF8A7B74B9BFF5F43B7A3251\iTunes
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Local Settings\MuiCache\4a\52C64B7E\@C:\Program Files\iTunes\iTunes.Resources\iTunesRegistry.dll,-203
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Local Settings\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Shell\MuiCache\D:\01 Backups\Downloads\iTunes64Setup.exe.ApplicationCompany
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Local Settings\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Shell\MuiCache\D:\01 Backups\Downloads\iTunes64Setup.exe.FriendlyAppName
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Installer\Products\62AFF187FF8A7B74B9BFF5F43B7A3251\ProductName
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Installer\Folders\C:\Program Files\iTunes\
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Installer\Folders\C:\WINDOWS\Installer\{781FFA26-A8FF-47B7-9BFB-5F4FB3A72315}\
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\bam\State\UserSettings\S-1-5-21-845412192-4262616043-1690173344-1001\\Device\HarddiskVolume8\01 Backups\Downloads\iTunes64Setup.exe
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\bam\State\UserSettings\S-1-5-21-845412192-4262616043-1690173344-1001\\Device\HarddiskVolume8\01 Backups\Downloads\New folder\New folder (10)\iTunes Installer.exe
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\bam\State\UserSettings\S-1-5-21-845412192-4262616043-1690173344-1001\\Device\HarddiskVolume8\01 Backups\Downloads\New folder\New folder (10)\iTunes.exe

How to remove iTunes from your computer using Advanced Uninstaller PRO

iTunes is an application released by Apple Inc.. Some people try to uninstall this program. Sometimes this is easier said than done because deleting this manually requires some know-how related to Windows program uninstallation. One of the best SIMPLE approach to uninstall iTunes is to use Advanced Uninstaller PRO. Here are some detailed instructions about how to do this:





1. If you don't have Advanced Uninstaller PRO on your Windows system, install it. This is a good step because Advanced Uninstaller PRO is a very efficient uninstaller and general utility to clean your Windows PC.

DOWNLOAD NOW

• go to Download Link
• download the program by clicking on the green DOWNLOAD NOW button
• set up Advanced Uninstaller PRO

2. Run Advanced Uninstaller PRO. Take some time to get familiar with Advanced Uninstaller PRO's design and wealth of features available. Advanced Uninstaller PRO is a very good system utility.

3. Click on the General Tools button


4. Activate the Uninstall Programs button


5. A list of the programs existing on your PC will appear

6. Scroll the list of programs until you find iTunes or simply click the Search field and type in "iTunes". The iTunes program will be found very quickly. When you click iTunes in the list of programs, some data regarding the application is available to you:

• Star rating (in the lower left corner). The star rating tells you the opinion other people have regarding iTunes, ranging from "Highly recommended" to "Very dangerous".
• Reviews by other people - Click on the Read reviews button.
• Technical information regarding the program you want to uninstall, by clicking on the Properties button.

For instance you can see that for iTunes:

• The publisher is: http://www.apple.com/
• The uninstall string is: MsiExec.exe /I{781FFA26-A8FF-47B7-9BFB-5F4FB3A72315}

7. Click the Uninstall button. A confirmation window will show up. accept the removal by pressing Uninstall. Advanced Uninstaller PRO will automatically remove iTunes.


8. After removing iTunes, Advanced Uninstaller PRO will ask you to run an additional cleanup. Click Next to perform the cleanup. All the items that belong iTunes which have been left behind will be found and you will be able to delete them. By uninstalling iTunes with Advanced Uninstaller PRO, you can be sure that no registry items, files or directories are left behind on your disk.

Your computer will remain clean, speedy and able to serve you properly.

Disclaimer

This page is not a piece of advice to uninstall iTunes by Apple Inc. from your PC, nor are we saying that iTunes by Apple Inc. is not a good application. This page simply contains detailed instructions on how to uninstall iTunes in case you want to. The information above contains registry and disk entries that our application Advanced Uninstaller PRO discovered and classified as "leftovers" on other users' PCs.